Sunday, September 20, 2009
A mixed bag of German history
I see the complex political scene within pre-Nazi Germany as a very fluid, interesting situation. As Chris Lorenz accurately points out in his work Beyond Good and Evil? The German Empire of 1871 and Modern German Historiography, this time in German history was "abnormal history without a half-life...[the past that won't pass]." To an extent each theory, whether it was the Bielefeld, Mittellage, Mommsen, Ritter, or Nipperdey schools of thought, each in my view, added (and still add) some badly needed light onto a very mirky, confusing topic. I believe that each person had at least 1 idea that helped bring us, those who look back on this particular time in German history, a little closer to discovering why Germany ultimately bought into the appeal and sway of the Nazis. The Bielefeld interpretation argues that Germany's modern economy combined with a feudal, aristocratic political system, tragically led to the rise of Nazism in Germany. The weakness of the Liberals, whether they were "traitors" to their own cause of just got dealt a poor political hand (coupled with poor timing) also probably led to the establishment of the 3rd Reich as well. I agree with the Mittellage theory that argues that the poor geopolitical position of Germany, even though Bismarck was a good statesman, contributed to the eventual descent down the dark path to Nazism too. Agreeing with Mommsen, Liberals did have a huge problem on their hands when it became evident that they lacked appeal to the masses b/c they had nothing to offer them (and possibly because the Libs were also scared of the masses gaining too much power). I agree with Gehard Ritter in that the social structure, which did pre-date Germany itself, factored into the equation. And when it comes to Nipperdey, I believe that he is correct in saying that Germany's unique glorification of the military compared to other European countries, helped lead the country down the road toward national socialism. If one takes a piece of each argument and pieces them all together, I think all of these issues working together unbeknowst to the actors on the stage at the time ultimately led Germany toward a political climate where a man like Hitler could bubble to the top and effectively assume control of the country.
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I think you are exactly right in looking for a variety of explanations. As the universal theory of the Bielefeld school has been increasingly challenged, no single theory has really replaced it. Instead, historians have tended to look at multiple causation and to emphasize the importance of contingency ( at no point was Germany destined to become Nazified; there were always other potential outcomes.)
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